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Life cycle of the black rot pathogen, the gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1]
Many plant pathogens produce virulence factors, or effectors, that modulate or interfere with normal host processes to the benefit of the pathogens. The first phytoplasmal virulence factor, a secreted protein termed “tengu-su inducer” (TENGU; C0H5W6 ), was identified in 2009 from a phytoplasma causing yellowing of onions .
Cladosporium species are present in the human mycobiome but are rarely pathogenic to humans. They have been reported to cause infections of the skin and toenails as well as sinuses and lungs, with more common symptoms including nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, and itchy eyes. [8]
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi , oomycetes , bacteria , viruses , viroids , virus -like organisms, phytoplasmas , protozoa , nematodes and parasitic plants . [ 2 ]
In 2022 the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of fungal pathogens which should be a priority for public health action. [4] Markedly more fungi are known to be pathogenic to plant life than those of the animal kingdom. [5] The study of fungi and other organisms pathogenic to plants is called plant pathology.
Plant disease epidemiology is often looked at from a multi-disciplinary approach, requiring biological, statistical, agronomic and ecological perspectives. Biology is necessary for understanding the pathogen and its life cycle. It is also necessary for understanding the physiology of the crop and how the pathogen is adversely affecting it.
Colonisation occurs on several scales. In the most basic form, as biofilm in the formation of communities of microorganisms on surfaces. [1] This microbiological colonisation also takes place within each animal or plant and is called microbiome. In small scales such as colonising new sites, perhaps as a result of environmental change.
A spectrum of hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, including the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae and the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (potato blight), also exhibit characteristics of both biotrophs and necrotrophs and thus are called hemibiotrophs, depending on the stages of their life cycle. [citation needed]