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Since 1968 there is the Risch algorithm for determining indefinite integrals that can be expressed in term of elementary functions, typically using a computer algebra system. Integrals that cannot be expressed using elementary functions can be manipulated symbolically using general functions such as the Meijer G-function .
The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
the integral is called an indefinite integral, which represents a class of functions (the antiderivative) whose derivative is the integrand. [19] The fundamental theorem of calculus relates the evaluation of definite integrals to indefinite integrals. There are several extensions of the notation for integrals to encompass integration on ...
The process of finding the value of an integral is called integration. [46]: 508 The indefinite integral, also known as the antiderivative, is the inverse operation to the derivative. [48]: 163–165 F is an indefinite integral of f when f is a derivative of F. (This use of lower- and upper-case letters for a function and its indefinite ...
In mathematics, a nonelementary antiderivative of a given elementary function is an antiderivative (or indefinite integral) that is, itself, not an elementary function. [1] A theorem by Liouville in 1835 provided the first proof that nonelementary antiderivatives exist. [2]
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of irrational functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see lists of integrals. Throughout this article the constant of integration is omitted for brevity.
Liouvillian function – Elementary functions and their finitely iterated integrals; Nonelementary integral – Integrals not expressible in closed-form from elementary functions; Risch algorithm – Method for evaluating indefinite integrals; Tarski's high school algebra problem – Mathematical problem
Further, for negative fractional (non-integer) values of n, the power x n is not well-defined, hence the indefinite integral is only defined for positive x. However, for n a negative integer the power x n is defined for all non-zero x, and the indefinite integrals and definite integrals are defined, and can be computed via a symmetry argument ...