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A small proportion of humans show partial or apparently complete innate resistance to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. [1] The main mechanism is a mutation of the gene encoding CCR5, which acts as a co-receptor for HIV. It is estimated that the proportion of people with some form of resistance to HIV is under 10%. [2]
With confirmatory Western blot, the chance of a false-positive identification in a low-prevalence setting is about 1 in 250 000 (95% CI, 1 in 173 000 to 1 in 379 000). The specificity rate given here for the inexpensive enzyme immunoassay screening tests indicates that, in 1,000 HIV test results of healthy individuals, about 15 of these results ...
A negative result rules out HIV exposure, while a positive one must be followed by an HIV-1/2 antibody differentiation immunoassay to detect which antibodies are present. This gives rise to four possible scenarios: 1. HIV-1 (+) & HIV-2 (−): HIV-1 antibodies detected; 2. HIV-1 (−) & HIV-2 (+): HIV-2 antibodies detected; 3.
Figure 1. Early Symptoms of HIV. The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency, and AIDS. Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, inflammation of the throat, rash, muscle pain, malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage ...
The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency, asymptomatic HIV, or chronic HIV. [1] Without treatment, this second stage of the natural history of HIV infection can last from about three years [ 34 ] to over 20 years [ 35 ] (on average, about eight years). [ 36 ]
This viral DNA is sensed by gamma-interferon-inducible protein 16 , [11] which produces an innate immune response against the virus by activating caspase 1 in IFI16 inflammasomes and inducing pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death. [12] [13] These findings cast CD4 T-cell death during HIV infection in a different light.
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