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  2. Soil thermal properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_thermal_properties

    One possible way of assessing soil thermal properties is the analysis of soil temperature variations versus depth Fourier's law, Q = − λ d T / d z {\displaystyle Q=-\lambda dT/dz\,} where Q is heat flux or rate of heat transfer per unit area J·m −2 ∙s −1 or W·m −2 , λ is thermal conductivity W·m −1 ∙K −1 ; dT / dz is the ...

  3. Parts-per notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts-per_notation

    At 10 000 ppm the solution is a deep red colour. As the concentration decreases the colour becomes orange, then a vibrant yellow, with the final 1 ppm sample a very pale yellow. In science and engineering , the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities , e.g. mole fraction or ...

  4. Temperature coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_coefficient

    Here α has the dimension of an inverse temperature and can be expressed e.g. in 1/K or K −1. If the temperature coefficient itself does not vary too much with temperature and α Δ T ≪ 1 {\displaystyle \alpha \Delta T\ll 1} , a linear approximation will be useful in estimating the value R of a property at a temperature T , given its value ...

  5. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

    The most common models address surface runoff, allowing variation in land use type, topography, soil type, vegetative cover, precipitation, and land management practice (e.g. the application rate of a fertilizer). Runoff models have evolved to a good degree of accuracy and permit the evaluation of alternative land management practices upon ...

  6. Physical properties of soil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_properties_of_soil

    Soil temperature depends on the ratio of the energy absorbed to that lost. [68] Soil has a mean annual temperature from -10 to 26 °C according to biomes. [69] Soil temperature regulates seed germination, [70] breaking of seed dormancy, [71] [72] plant and root growth [73] and the availability of nutrients. [74]

  7. Useful conversions and formulas for air dispersion modeling

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Useful_conversions_and...

    Pollution regulations in the United States typically reference their pollutant limits to an ambient temperature of 20 to 25 °C as noted above. In most other nations, the reference ambient temperature for pollutant limits may be 0 °C or other values. 1 percent by volume = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume).

  8. Penman equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penman_equation

    The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E. Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs ...

  9. Permeability of soils - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_of_soils

    Soil aeration maintains oxygen levels in the plants' root zone, needed for microbial and root respiration, and important to plant growth. Additionally, oxygen levels regulate soil temperatures and play a role in some chemical processes that support the oxidation of elements like Mn 2+ and Fe 2+ that can be toxic.