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  2. Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tests_of...

    Tests of sufficiency in biology are used to determine if the presence of an element permits the biological phenomenon to occur. In other words, if sufficient conditions are met, the targeted event is able to take place. However, this does not mean that the absence of a sufficient biological element inhibits the biological event from occurring.

  3. Tinbergen's four questions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinbergen's_four_questions

    The tabulated schema is used as the central organizing device in many animal behaviour, ethology, behavioural ecology and evolutionary psychology textbooks (e.g., Alcock, 2001). One advantage of this organizational system, what might be called the "periodic table of life sciences," is that it highlights gaps in knowledge, analogous to the role ...

  4. Contingency (evolutionary biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(evolutionary...

    This challenges the traditional view that life must arise solely from biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, and suggests that life's origins may be more complex and varied. The paper also addresses the "N = 1 problem [6]," which refers to the limitation of basing all theories of life on a single example—life on Earth. This ...

  5. Conway's Game of Life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Game_of_Life

    The Game of Life, also known as Conway's Game of Life or simply Life, is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970. [1] It is a zero-player game, [2] [3] meaning that its evolution is determined by its initial state, requiring no further input. One interacts with the Game of Life by creating an initial ...

  6. Protocol (science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(science)

    In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment.Protocols are written whenever it is desirable to standardize a laboratory method to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same laboratory or by other laboratories.

  7. Life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life

    Artificial life is the simulation of any aspect of life, as through computers, robotics, or biochemistry. [169] Synthetic biology is a new area of biotechnology that combines science and biological engineering .

  8. Life history theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_history_theory

    In studying humans, life history theory is used in many ways, including in biology, psychology, economics, anthropology, and other fields. [ 9 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] For humans, life history strategies include all the usual factors—trade-offs, constraints, reproductive effort , etc.—but also includes a culture factor that allows them to solve ...

  9. Anthropic principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle

    Life appears to have adapted to the universe, and not vice versa. Some applications of the anthropic principle have been criticized as an argument by lack of imagination, for tacitly assuming that carbon compounds and water are the only possible chemistry of life (sometimes called "carbon chauvinism"; see also alternative biochemistry). [76]