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  2. Metal ions in aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution

    Solvent exchange is generally slower for trivalent than for divalent ions, as the higher electrical charge on the cation makes for stronger M-OH 2 bonds and, in consequence, higher activation energy for the dissociative reaction step, [M(H 2 O) n] 3+ → [M(H 2 O) n-1] 3+ + H 2 O. The values in the table show that this is due to both activation ...

  3. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

    There are also amphoteric exchangers that are able to exchange both cations and anions simultaneously. However, the simultaneous exchange of cations and anions is often performed in mixed beds, which contain a mixture of anion- and cation-exchange resins, or passing the solution through several different ion-exchange materials. Ion exchanger.

  4. Counterion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterion

    Polystyrene sulfonate, a cation-exchange resin, is typically supplied with Na + as the counterion.. In chemistry, a counterion (sometimes written as "counter ion", pronounced as such) is the ion that accompanies an ionic species in order to maintain electric neutrality.

  5. Pitzer equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitzer_equations

    Pitzer equations [1] are important for the understanding of the behaviour of ions dissolved in natural waters such as rivers, lakes and sea-water. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] They were first described by physical chemist Kenneth Pitzer . [ 5 ]

  6. Single displacement reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_displacement_reaction

    A single-displacement reaction, also known as single replacement reaction or exchange reaction, is an archaic concept in chemistry. It describes the stoichiometry of some chemical reactions in which one element or ligand is replaced by an atom or group. [1] [2] [3] It can be represented generically as: + +

  7. Ion association - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_association

    In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. [1] [2] Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also classified according to the nature of the interaction as contact, solvent-shared or ...

  8. Solvation shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation_shell

    The result is a solvation shell of water molecules that surround the ion. This shell can be several molecules thick, dependent upon the charge of the ion, its distribution and spatial dimensions. A number of molecules of solvent are involved in the solvation shell around anions and cations from a dissolved salt in a solvent.

  9. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

    Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated salt solution - NaCl. In the case of a water softener, the cation exchange resin is exchanging sodium (the Na + ion of NaCl) for hardness minerals such as calcium and magnesium. A dealkalizer contains strong base anion exchange resin that ...