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Murray Gell-Mann's fortunate encounter with mathematician Richard Earl Block at Caltech, in the fall of 1960, "enlightened" him to introduce a novel classification scheme, in 1961, for hadrons. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] A similar scheme had been independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman , and has come to be explained by the quark model. [ 48 ]
The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula, developed by Murray Gell-Mann and Kazuhiko Nishijima, led to the Eightfold Way classification, invented by Gell-Mann, with important independent contributions from Yuval Ne'eman, in 1961. The hadrons were organized into SU(3) representation multiplets, octets and decuplets, of roughly the same mass, due to the ...
Both the American physicist Murray Gell-Mann and the Israeli physicist Yuval Ne'eman independently and simultaneously proposed the idea in 1961. [1] [2] [a] The name comes from Gell-Mann's (1961) paper and is an allusion to the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism. [3]
The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. [5] Quarks were introduced as parts of an ordering scheme for hadrons, and there was little evidence for their physical existence until deep inelastic scattering experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.
Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue.
Murray Gell-Mann always referred to Feynman diagrams as Stueckelberg diagrams, after Swiss physicist Ernst Stueckelberg, who devised a similar notation many years earlier. Stueckelberg was motivated by the need for a manifestly covariant formalism for quantum field theory, but did not provide as automated a way to handle symmetry factors and ...
In 1964, Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig introduced quarks and that same year Oscar W. Greenberg implicitly introduced color charge of quarks. [8] In 1967 Steven Weinberg [ 9 ] and Abdus Salam [ 10 ] incorporated the Higgs mechanism [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] into Glashow's electroweak interaction , giving it its modern form.
While studying these decays, Murray Gell-Mann (in 1953) [4] [5] and Kazuhiko Nishijima (in 1955) [6] developed the concept of strangeness (which Nishijima called eta-charge, after the eta meson (η)) to explain the "strangeness" of the longer-lived particles. The Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula is the result of these efforts to understand strange ...