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Ironic process theory (IPT), also known as the Pink elephant paradox [1] or White bear phenomenon, suggests that when an individual intentionally tries to avoid thinking a certain thought or feeling a certain emotion, a paradoxical effect is produced: the attempted avoidance not only fails in its object but in fact causes the thought or emotion to occur more frequently and more intensely. [2]
Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a "state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can contribute to his or her community". [1]
An Asian elephant in a zoo manipulating a suspended ball provided as environmental enrichment. Behavioral enrichment is an animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by identifying and providing the environmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological well-being. [1]
White Americans, as the largest racial group in the United States, have historically had better health outcomes than oppressed racial groups in America. [1] However, in recent years, the scholarly discourse has switched from recognition of the immense positive health outcomes of white Americans towards understanding the growing persistence of negative outcomes unique to this racial group.
Captive bonobos such as Kanzi have been reported to show concern for their handlers’ well-being. [23] Bonobos also console other bonobos who are victims of aggressive conflicts and reconcile after participating in these conflicts. [24] Both of these behaviors suggest some semblance of ToM through an attribution of mental states to another ...
Animal psychopathology is the study of mental or behavioral disorders in non-human animals. Historically, there has been an anthropocentric tendency to emphasize the study of animal psychopathologies as models for human mental illnesses. [ 1 ]
The subjective well-being index represents the overall satisfaction level as one number. Analysed data to create the index comes from UNESCO, the CIA, the New Economics Foundation, the WHO, the Veenhoven Database, the Latinbarometer, the Afrobarometer, and the UNHDR. These sources are analyzed to create a global projection of subjective well ...
Relative deprivation theory proposes that feelings of dissatisfaction and injustice arise when people compare their situation unfavorably with others' situations. [16] This sense of inequality, rooted in subjective perceptions rather than objective measures, can deeply influence social behavior, [17] including the phenomenon of crab mentality.