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Point defects are defects that occur only at or around a single lattice point. They are not extended in space in any dimension. Strict limits for how small a point defect is are generally not defined explicitly. However, these defects typically involve at most a few extra or missing atoms.
Twin boundaries are partly responsible for shock hardening and for many of the changes that occur in cold work of metals with limited slip systems or at very low temperatures. They also occur due to martensitic transformations : the motion of twin boundaries is responsible for the pseudoelastic and shape-memory behavior of nitinol , and their ...
In mixed oxidation state materials like magnetite, antiphase domains and antiphase domain boundaries can occur as a result of charge-ordering even though there are no changes in atom locations. [4] For example, the reconstructed magnetite (100) surface contains alternating Fe II pairs and Fe III pairs in the first subsurface layer. [ 4 ]
Black-box testing, sometimes referred to as specification-based testing, [1] is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings. This method of test can be applied virtually to every level of software testing: unit, integration, system and acceptance.
Software testing typically includes handling software bugs – a defect in the code that causes an undesirable result. [11]: 31 Bugs generally slow testing progress and involve programmer assistance to debug and fix. Not all defects cause a failure. For example, a defect in dead code will not be considered a failure.
An Automated Optical Inspection device. Automated optical inspection (AOI) is an automated visual inspection of printed circuit board (PCB) (or LCD, transistor) manufacture where a camera autonomously scans the device under test for both catastrophic failure (e.g. missing component) and quality defects (e.g. fillet size or shape or component skew).
The time frequency approach for machine fault diagnosis can be divided into two broad categories: linear methods and the quadratic methods. The difference is that linear transforms can be inverted to construct the time signal, thus, they are more suitable for signal processing, such as noise reduction and time-varying filtering.
Mathematically, this energy level ambiguity corresponds to the sum of the electrostatic energy being dependent on a surface term that needs to be set by the user of the method. [4] The size of the simulation box must also be large enough to prevent periodic artifacts from occurring due to the unphysical topology of the simulation.