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A twin boundary is a defect that introduces a plane of mirror symmetry in the ordering of a crystal. For example, in cubic close-packed crystals, the stacking sequence of a twin boundary would be ABCABCBACBA. On planes of single crystals, steps between atomically flat terraces can also be regarded as planar defects.
Although the criterion for deformation twin growth is not entirely understood, it is a tip-controlled phenomenon linked to the interaction between the residual and mobile twin partials at the twin interface; thermodynamically, this involves the elastic energy of the strained lattice, the interface and volume free-energy of the twin, and the ...
In mixed oxidation state materials like magnetite, antiphase domains and antiphase domain boundaries can occur as a result of charge-ordering even though there are no changes in atom locations. [4] For example, the reconstructed magnetite (100) surface contains alternating Fe II pairs and Fe III pairs in the first subsurface layer. [ 4 ]
Minimal model (birational geometry), classification of algebraic varieties with the goal to construct a birational model of any complex projective variety which is as simple as possible. Minimal model (set theory) , the minimal standard model of ZFC, part of the constructible universe.
Triangles and squares mark positions of the topological defects. A Wigner crystal is the solid (crystalline) phase of electrons first predicted by Eugene Wigner in 1934. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A gas of electrons moving in a uniform, inert, neutralizing background (i.e. Jellium Model ) will crystallize and form a lattice if the electron density is less ...
The existence of a topological defect can be demonstrated whenever the boundary conditions entail the existence of homotopically distinct solutions. Typically, this occurs because the boundary on which the conditions are specified has a non-trivial homotopy group which is preserved in differential equations; the solutions to the differential equations are then topologically distinct, and are ...
An Automated Optical Inspection device. Automated optical inspection (AOI) is an automated visual inspection of printed circuit board (PCB) (or LCD, transistor) manufacture where a camera autonomously scans the device under test for both catastrophic failure (e.g. missing component) and quality defects (e.g. fillet size or shape or component skew).
The Kirkendall effect is the motion of the interface between two metals that occurs due to the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms. The effect can be observed, for example, by placing insoluble markers at the interface between a pure metal and an alloy containing that metal, and heating to a temperature where atomic diffusion is reasonable for the given timescale; the boundary ...