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Its use during pregnancy is contraindicated, although it has been placed in Australian pregnancy category C. [13] Its use during the first trimester (during organogenesis) and 12 weeks prior to pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially malformations associated with maternal folic acid ...
Iron deficiency is common in pregnancy, with the highest occurrence rate during the third trimester as iron demand increases to support the placenta, fetal development and the iron stores for the first six months after birth. Low iron levels can cause fatigue, reduced work capacity, cardiovascular stress, lower resistance to infection and iron ...
Based on the studies that show that trimethoprim crosses the placenta and can affect folate metabolism, there has been growing evidence of the risk of structural birth defects associated with trimethoprim, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. [21] The trophoblasts in the early fetus are sensitive to changes in the folate cycle.
Sulfamethoxazole is primarily renally excreted via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. [8] About 20% of the sulfamethoxazole in urine is the unchanged drug, about 15–20% is the N-glucuronide conjugate, and about 50–70 % is the acetylated metabolite. [11] Sulfamethoxazole is also excreted in human milk. [8]
During pregnancy the plasma volume increases by 40-50% and the red blood cell volume increases only by 20–30%. [22] These changes occur mostly in the second trimester and prior to 32 weeks gestation. [24] Due to dilution, the net result is a decrease in hematocrit or hemoglobin, which are measures of red blood cell concentration.
Megaloblastic anaemia; Methaemoglobinaemia; Erythema multiforme; Low blood sugar; Hepatitis (liver swelling); Crystalluria (crystals in the urine); Urinary obstruction causing difficulty passing urine
Fetal warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy.Resulting abnormalities include low birth weight, slower growth, intellectual disability, deafness, small head size, and malformed bones, cartilage, and joints.
In areas of Africa with moderate to high rates of malaria, three doses are recommended during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. [4] Side effects include diarrhea, rash, itchiness, headache, and hair loss. [3] [1] Rarely a severe allergic reaction or rash such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, may occur. [1]