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Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is a cellular process responsible for movement of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, and other organelles to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon called the axoplasm. [1]
A ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (e.g. N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) linked on the sugar chain. NeuNAc, an acetylated derivative of the carbohydrate sialic acid, makes the head groups of gangliosides anionic at pH 7, which distinguishes them from globosides .
One of the major roles of microtubules is to transport membrane vesicles and organelles through the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is speculated that areas within the cell considered "microtubule-poor" are probably transported along microfilaments aided by a myosin motor protein.
However, it has been reported that lipid flip-flop is slow compare to cholesterol and other smaller molecules. [27] [28] It has been reported that the organization and dynamics of the lipid monolayers in a bilayer are coupled. [29] [30] For example, introduction of obstructions in one monolayer can slow down the lateral diffusion in both ...
Slow, conventional, full collapse fusion predominates the synaptic membrane when Ca 2+ levels are low, and the fast kiss-and-run mechanism is followed when Ca 2+ levels are high. [ citation needed ] Ales et al. showed that raised concentrations of extracellular calcium ions shift the preferred mode of recycling and synaptic vesicle release to ...
[3] [4] MCS are important in the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), [5] since this is the major site of lipid synthesis within cells. [6] The ER makes close contact with many organelles, including mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, chloroplasts and the plasma membrane. [7]
An axon terminal (A) transmits a signal to neuron B (receiving). Features: 1. Mitochondrion. 2. Synaptic vesicle filled with neurotransmitter molecules. 3. Autoreceptor. 4. Synaptic cleft with neurotransmitter molecules. 5. Postsynaptic receptors activated by neurotransmitters (induction of a postsynaptic potential). 6. Calcium channel. 7.
The fast axonal transport has a rate of 50–500 mm per day, while the slow axonal transport was found to be 0.4 mm per day in goldfish, 1–10 mm per day in mammalian nerve. Transport of insoluble protein contributes to the fast movement while the slow transport is transporting up to 40% - 50% soluble protein. [12]