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Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume. [2] [3] Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. [4]
Volume contraction is a decrease in the volume of body fluid, including the dissolved substances that maintain osmotic balance . The loss of the water component of body fluid is specifically termed dehydration .
Intravascular volume depletion is divided into three types based on the blood sodium level: Isonatremic (normal blood sodium levels) Example: a child with diarrhea, because both water and sodium are lost in diarrhea.
The plants may recover during the night when evaporation is reduced as the stomata closes. [2] In woody plants, reduced water availability leads to cavitation of the xylem. Wilting occurs in plants such as balsam and holy basil,and other types of plants. Wilting is an effect of the plant growth-inhibiting hormone, abscisic acid.
Hydration of fat free tissues, ratio of total body water to fat free body mass, is stable at 0.73 in mammals. [3] In humans, a significant drop in tissue hydration can lead to the medical condition of dehydration. This may result from loss of water itself, loss of electrolytes, or a loss of blood plasma.
The recommended daily amount of drinking water for humans varies. [1] It depends on activity, age, health, and environment.In the United States, the Adequate Intake for total water, based on median intakes, is 4.0 litres (141 imp fl oz; 135 US fl oz) per day for males older than 18, and 3.0 litres (106 imp fl oz; 101 US fl oz) per day for females over 18; it assumes about 80% from drink and 20 ...
Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth and reproduction, plant metabolism and their external supply. In its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle, or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite .
In ecology, pressure-volume curves describe the relationship between total water potential (Ψt) and relative water content (R) of living organisms. These values are widely used in research on plant-water relations and provide valuable information on the turgor , osmotic and elastic properties of plant tissues .