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The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase.
Pteridospermatophyta, also called "pteridosperms" or "seed ferns" are a polyphyletic [1] grouping of extinct seed-producing plants. The earliest fossil evidence for plants of this type are the lyginopterids of late Devonian age. [ 2 ]
Nephrolepis exaltata, known as the sword fern [1] or Boston fern, is a species of fern in the family Nephrolepidaceae. [3] It is native to the Americas. [ 1 ] This evergreen plant can reach as high as 40–90 centimetres (16–35 in), and in extreme cases up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in).
Moresnetiaceae is a natural family of seed ferns in the Division Pteridospermatophyta that appears in the North American and European Devonian to Carboniferous coal measures. [ 3 ] Description
Historically both lycophytes and monilophytes were grouped together as pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) on the basis of being spore-bearing ("seed-free"). In Smith's molecular phylogenetic study the ferns are characterised by lateral root origin in the endodermis , usually mesarch protoxylem in shoots, a pseudoendospore, plasmodial tapetum ...
Woodsia alpina, commonly known as alpine woodsia, is a fern found in northern latitudes in North America and Eurasia. [3] Also known as northern woodsia or alpine cliff fern, it is typically found in crevices, scree slopes and cliffs containing slate and calcareous rocks, especially limestone.