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A 1977 article compares the "classical" trapezoidal method to a number of methods that take into account the typical shape of the concentration plot, caused by first-order kinetics. [8] Notwithstanding the above knowledge, a 1994 Diabetes Care article by Mary M. Tai purports to have independently discovered the trapezoidal rule. [9]
In pharmacokinetics, the rate of infusion (or dosing rate) refers not just to the rate at which a drug is administered, but the desired rate at which a drug should be administered to achieve a steady state of a fixed dose which has been demonstrated to be therapeutically effective. Abbreviations include K in, [1] K 0, [2] or R 0.
The accumulation ratio of a specific drug in humans is determined by clinical studies. According to a 2013 analysis, such studies are typically done with 10 to 20 subjects who are given one single dose followed by a washout phase of seven days , and then seven to 14 repeated doses to reach steady state conditions. Blood samples are drawn 11 ...
This gives a = 100 μg/mL if the drug stays in the blood stream only, and thus its volume of distribution is the same as that is = 0.08 L/kg. If the drug distributes into all body water the volume of distribution would increase to approximately V D = {\displaystyle V_{D}=} 0.57 L/kg [ 8 ]
Q is the urine flow (volume/time) [mL/min] (often [mL/24 h]) C B is the plasma concentration [mmol/L] (in the USA often [mg/mL]) When the substance "C" is creatinine, an endogenous chemical that is excreted only by filtration, the clearance is an approximation of the glomerular filtration rate .
The elimination rate constant K or K e is a value used in pharmacokinetics to describe the rate at which a drug is removed from the human system. [1] It is often abbreviated K or K e. It is equivalent to the fraction of a substance that is removed per unit time measured at any particular instant and has units of T −1.
The formula for calculating the absolute bioavailability, F, of a drug administered orally (po) is given below (where D is dose administered). F a b s = 100 ⋅ A U C p o ⋅ D i v A U C i v ⋅ D p o {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {abs} }=100\cdot {\frac {AUC_{\mathrm {po} }\cdot D_{\mathrm {iv} }}{AUC_{\mathrm {iv} }\cdot D_{\mathrm {po} }}}}
Reference ranges for blood tests of plasma renin activity can be given both in mass and in international units (μIU/mL or equivalently mIU/L, improperly shown as μU/mL or U/L, confusing mcU/mL used where Greek μ not available), with the former being roughly convertible to the latter by multiplying with 11.2. [3]