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Mastic asphalt concrete is generally laid to a thickness of around 20–30 millimetres (13 ⁄ 16 – 1 + 3 ⁄ 16 in) for footpath and road applications and around 10 millimetres (3 ⁄ 8 in) for flooring or roof applications. [19] High-modulus asphalt concrete, sometimes referred to by the French-language acronym EMÉ (enrobé à module élevé)
Cold mix asphalt is often used on lower-volume rural roads, where hot mix asphalt would cool too much on the long trip from the asphalt plant to the construction site. [18] An asphalt concrete surface will generally be constructed for high-volume primary highways having an average annual daily traffic load greater than 1,200 vehicles per day. [19]
Bonded whitetopping uses thicknesses of 5 to 15cm (2-6") bonded to the asphalt pavement and is divided into two types, thin and ultrathin. The bond is made by texturing the asphalt. Thin whitetopping uses a bonded layer of concrete that is 10 - 15cm (4-6") thick while an ultrathin layer is 5 to 10 cm (2-4") thick.
Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), ... SMA is normally placed with a minimum layer thickness of 2.5 to 3 times the nominal maximum aggregate particle size. Greater layer ...
The thickness of these layers can be translated to GBE. Granular base equivalency or granular base equivalence (GBE) is a measure of total pavement thickness. [1] [2] Since pavement is composed of multiple layers with different physical properties, its total thickness is measured by GBE. GBE translates the thickness of different road layers to ...
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material. [2] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined. [3]
Unbound granular materials are usually crushed stone, [3] crushed slag or concrete, or slate. Cement-bound materials come in multiple types. Mass concrete is used where exceptional loads are expected, with thickness usually 100 to 150 millimetres (4 to 6 in ), and optional reinforcement with steel mesh or polymer fibers.
Typical base course thickness ranges from 100 to 150 ... or it is sometimes allowed to be made from recycled asphalt concrete and/or Portland cement concrete.