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Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity.
A soil stockpile is formed with excavated topsoil during the construction of buildings or infrastructure. It is considered to be an important resource in construction and ecology . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Soil is stockpiled for later use in landscaping or restoration of the region following the removal of construction infrastructure. [ 3 ]
Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff (or stream flow).It occurs when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil.
Soil removal: the approximate amount of soil to be removed by the tunnel boring machine (TBM) is 500,000 cubic yards (380,000 m 3). Concrete sections: The tunnel will consist of approximately 9,000 individual concrete pieces. Approximately 42,000 cubic yards (32,000 m 3) of concrete will be needed to make the tunnel sections. [13]
Over 3,000,000 cubic yards (2,300,000 m 3) of fill was required for the project, which had to be delivered from cuts made elsewhere on the New Haven system. [14] In particular, the two humps had to be built on the previously flat land, with one of them being 30 feet (9 m) in height. [ 14 ]
Studies have found that blood lead levels of people in China are highly correlated to ambient PM 2.5 concentration as well as top soil lead content, indicating that air and soil (e.g., by the inhalation of resuspended soil particles, consuming of contaminated crops or water, etc.) are important sources of lead exposure. [182] [183]
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