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The letters of the fifth decade are often used in the past tense and other grammatical forms: when rub becomes rubbed, in braille the letter b is moved down a dot to indicate the bb. However, those letters which double as punctuation marks— ea, bb, cc, dd, ff, gg —may only occur sandwiched in the middle of a word, not at the beginning or ...
Historically, there have been three principles in assigning the values of a linear script (print) to Braille: Using Louis Braille's original French letter values; reassigning the braille letters according to the sort order of the print alphabet being transcribed; and reassigning the letters to improve the efficiency of writing in braille.
In themselves, braille letters do not belong to any print script, but constitute a distinct braille script. The same braille letter can be used to transcribe multiple scripts, e.g. Latin, Cyrillic, Greek and even elements of Chinese characters, as well as digits.
Note however that, unlike standard print, there is only one braille symbol for each letter of the alphabet. Therefore, in Braille, all letters are lower-case by default, unless preceded by a capitalization sign (⠠ dot 6). The numbers 1 through 9 and 0 correspond to the letters a through j, except that they are lowered or shifted lower in the ...
Unified English Braille is designed to be readily understood by people familiar with the literary braille (used in standard prose writing), while also including support for specialized math and science symbols, computer-related symbols (the @ sign [1] as well as more specialised programming-language syntax), foreign alphabets, and visual ...
The Braille pattern dots-6 ( ⠠) is a 6-dot braille cell with the bottom right dot raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the lower-middle right dot raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2820, and in Braille ASCII with a comma:, .
Louis Braille's original publication, Procedure for Writing Words, Music, and Plainsong in Dots (1829), [1] credits Barbier's night writing as being the basis for the braille script. It differed in a fundamental way from modern braille: It contained nine decades (series) of characters rather than the modern five, utilizing dashes as well as dots.
Books written in embossed alphabets like braille are quite bulky, and New York Point's system of two horizontal lines of dots was an advantage over the three lines required for braille; the principle of writing the most common letters with the fewest dots was likewise an advantage of New York Point and American Braille over English Braille.