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In computer programming, the Schwartzian transform is a technique used to improve the efficiency of sorting a list of items. This idiom [1] is appropriate for comparison-based sorting when the ordering is actually based on the ordering of a certain property (the key) of the elements, where computing that property is an intensive operation that should be performed a minimal number of times.
For brevity, these words will have the specified meanings in the following tables (unless noted to be part of language syntax): funcN A function.
The arrays are heterogeneous: a single array can have keys of different types. PHP's associative arrays can be used to represent trees, lists, stacks, queues, and other common data structures not built into PHP. An associative array can be declared using the following syntax:
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
Most languages provide a generic sort function that implements a sort algorithm that will sort arbitrary objects. This function usually accepts an arbitrary function that determines how to compare whether two elements are equal or if one is greater or less than the other. Consider this Python code sorting a list of strings by length of the string:
Array.iter (fun item-> instructions) array or List.iter (fun item-> instructions) list: F#: while condition do Tab ↹instructions — for i = first to last do Tab ↹instructions: foritem in set do Tab ↹instructions or Seq.iter (fun item-> instructions) set: Standard ML: while condition do ( instructions) — Array.app (fn item ...
Here, the list [0..] represents , x^2>3 represents the predicate, and 2*x represents the output expression.. List comprehensions give results in a defined order (unlike the members of sets); and list comprehensions may generate the members of a list in order, rather than produce the entirety of the list thus allowing, for example, the previous Haskell definition of the members of an infinite list.
This is done by merging runs until certain criteria are fulfilled. Timsort has been Python's standard sorting algorithm since version 2.3 (since version 3.11 using the Powersort merge policy [5]), and is used to sort arrays of non-primitive type in Java SE 7, [6] on the Android platform, [7] in GNU Octave, [8] on V8, [9] and Swift. [10]