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The history of rice cultivation is an interdisciplinary subject that studies archaeological and documentary evidence to explain how rice was first domesticated and cultivated by humans, the spread of cultivation to different regions of the planet, and the technological changes that have impacted cultivation over time.
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice)—or, much less commonly, Oryza glaberrima (African rice). Asian rice was domesticated in China some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago; African rice was domesticated in Africa about 3,000 years ago.
Rice was also independently domesticated in West Africa and cultivated by 1000 BC. [8] [9] Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC.
Domestication (not to be confused with the taming of an individual animal [3] [4] [5]), is from the Latin domesticus, 'belonging to the house'. [6] The term remained loosely defined until the 21st century, when the American archaeologist Melinda A. Zeder defined it as a long-term relationship in which humans take over control and care of another organism to gain a predictable supply of a ...
Oryza glaberrima, commonly known as African rice, is one of the two domesticated rice species. [1] It was first domesticated and grown in West Africa around 3,000 years ago. [2] [3] In agriculture, it has largely been replaced by higher-yielding Asian rice (), [2] and the number of varieties grown is declining. [1]
These founder crops were domesticated in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, [4] between 10,500 and 7,500 years ago. [5] Different species formed the basis of early agricultural economies in other centres of domestication. For example, rice was first cultivated in the Yangtze River basin of East Asia in the early Neolithic.
“Domesticated rice provided a stable resource for fermentation, while favourable climatic conditions supported the development of qu-based fermentation technology, which relied on the growth of ...
13,000 BCE: Contentious evidence of oldest domesticated rice in Korea. [11] Their 15,000-year age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago. [ 11 ] These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism, [ 12 ] and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a ...