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Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) is an activity-based, group-learning instructional strategy. POGIL was created in 1994 to improve teaching of general chemistry . Today, POGIL is implemented in more than 1,000 American high schools and colleges.
Stoichiometry is used to run calculations about chemical reactions, for example, the stoichiometric mole ratio between reactants and products. The stoichiometry of a chemical reaction is based on chemical formulas and equations that provide the quantitative relation between the number of moles of various products and reactants, including yields ...
Gas stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship (ratio) between reactants and products in a chemical reaction with reactions that produce gases. Gas stoichiometry applies when the gases produced are assumed to be ideal, and the temperature, pressure, and volume of the gases are all known. The ideal gas law is used for these calculations.
Air–fuel equivalence ratio, λ (lambda), is the ratio of actual AFR to stoichiometry for a given mixture. λ = 1.0 is at stoichiometry, rich mixtures λ < 1.0, and lean mixtures λ > 1.0. There is a direct relationship between λ and AFR. To calculate AFR from a given λ, multiply the measured λ by the stoichiometric AFR for that fuel.
The elements in group 13 are also capable of forming stable compounds with the halogens, usually with the formula MX 3 (where M is a boron-group element and X is a halogen.) [14] Fluorine, the first halogen, is able to form stable compounds with every element that has been tested (except neon and helium), [15] and the boron group is no exception.
The key to decrypt a message requires no more knowledge than the fact that ROT13 is in use. Even if secrecy does not fail, any alien party or individual, capable of intercepting the message, could break the code by spending enough time on decoding the text through frequency analysis [ 2 ] or finding other patterns .