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The sleep cycle of alternate NREM and REM sleep takes an average of 90 minutes, occurring 4–6 times in a good night's sleep. [ 17 ] [ 22 ] The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) divides NREM into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep . [ 23 ]
Sleep efficiency (SE) is the ratio between the time a person spends asleep, and the total time dedicated to sleep (i.e. both sleeping and attempting to fall asleep or fall back asleep). It is given as a percentage. [1] SE of 80% or more is considered normal/healthy with most young healthy adults displaying SE above 90%.
In adulthood, the sleep architecture has been showing that the sleep latency and the time spent in NREM stages 1 and 2 may increase with aging, while the time spent in REM and SWS sleep seem to decrease. [51] These changes have been frequently associated with brain atrophy, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders in old age.
Sleep problems are especially common among older adults—20% of adults over age 65 experience sleeping problems compared to 14% of adults between the ages of 18 and 44. ... pattern to change over ...
The relative amount of REM sleep varies considerably with age. A newborn baby spends more than 80% of total sleep time in REM. [54] REM sleep typically occupies 20–25% of total sleep in adult humans: about 90–120 minutes of a night's sleep. The first REM episode occurs about 70 minutes after falling asleep.
A well-rested and healthy individual will generally spend less time in the REM stage of sleep. Studies have shown an inverse relationship between time spent in the REM stage of sleep and subsequent wakefulness during waking hours. [24] Short-term insomnia can be induced by stress or when the body experiences changes in environment and regimen. [25]