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Malignancy; Other names: Cancer, malignant neoplasm: Malignant tumor (right) spreads uncontrollably and invades the surrounding tissues; benign tumor (left) remains self-contained from neighbouring tissue: Specialty: Oncology: Symptoms: Fatigue, lump(s), change in skin, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss [1] Risk factors
Worldwide in 2015, the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths). [7] Lung cancer is largely due to non-infectious causes, such as tobacco smoke. However, liver and stomach cancer are primarily due to infectious causes.
Most cancer deaths are due to cancer that has metastasized. [39] Metastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the blood or the lymphatic system or both. The typical steps in metastasis are: Local invasion; Intravasation into the blood or lymph. Circulation through the body. Extravasation into the new tissue. Proliferation
Cancer related to one's occupation is believed to represent between 2–20% of all cases. [17] Most cancer deaths caused by occupational risk factors occur in the developed world. [16] Job stress does not appear to be a significant factor at least in lung, colorectal, breast and prostate cancers. [18]
In the U.S. cancer is second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death; [20] in the UK it is the leading cause of death. [21] In many developing countries cancer incidence , insofar as this can be measured, appears much lower, most likely because of the higher death rates due to infectious disease or injury.
Hematological malignancies are malignant neoplasms ("cancer"), and they are generally treated by specialists in hematology and/or oncology. In some centers "hematology/oncology" is a single subspecialty of internal medicine while in others they are considered separate divisions (there are also surgical and radiation oncologists).
Finally, in 1900, the myeloblast, which is the malignant cell in AML, was characterized by Otto Naegeli, who divided the leukemias into myeloid and lymphocytic. [97] [98] In 2008, AML became the first cancer genome to be fully sequenced. DNA extracted from leukemic cells were compared to unaffected skin. [99]
[15] [4] In the United States it is the most common cause of cancer and death from cancer among children. [2] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is notable for being the first disseminated cancer to be cured. [16] Survival for children increased from under 10% in the 1960s to 90% in 2015. [2] Survival rates remain lower for babies (50%) [17] and ...