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From 2010 to 2014, there was an estimated 55 million people at risk for gambiense African Trypanosomiasis and over 6 million people at risk for rhodesiense African trypanosomiasis. [44] In 2014, the World Health Organization reported 3,797 cases of Human African Trypanosomiasis when the predicted number of cases was to be 5,000.
Trypanosoma brucei rhodiense is usually found on the eastern side of the valley while the gambiense variant resides on the western side. [11] The ranges of the two disease variants could overlap in Uganda, Tanzania, and Congo in the future. [18] Trypanosomiasis case numbers reported to the WHO from 2000-2013.
A sketch of two women suffering from Winterbottom's Sign. Winterbottom's sign is a swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) along the posterior cervical lymph node chain, associated with the early phase of African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), a disease caused by the parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Trypanosomatidae [1]), a monophyletic [2] group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. Trypanosoma is part of the phylum Euglenozoa . [ 3 ] The name is derived from the Ancient Greek trypano- (borer) and soma (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion.
The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies [3]), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs), and leishmaniasis (a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of Leishmania transmitted by sandflies [4]).
Fexinidazole is a medication used to treat African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. [3] It is effective against both first and second stage disease. [3] Also a potential new treatment for Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people worldwide. [4] It is taken by mouth. [5]
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is spread mostly by insects in the subfamily Triatominae , known as "kissing bugs".
Melarsoprol is an arsenic-containing medication used for the treatment of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis). [1] It is specifically used for second-stage disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense when the central nervous system is involved. [1] For Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, eflornithine or fexinidazole is usually preferred. [1]