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The advantage of APSK over conventional QAM is a lower number of possible amplitude levels and therefore a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). [2] The resilience of APSK to amplifier and channel non-linearities afforded by its low PAPR have made it especially attractive for satellite communications, including DVB-S2 .
QAM Mapper: the bit sequence is mapped into a base-band digital sequence of complex symbols. There are 5 allowed modulation modes: 16- QAM , 32-QAM, 64-QAM, 128-QAM, 256-QAM. Base-band shaping: the QAM signal is filtered with a raised-cosine shaped filter, in order to remove mutual signal interference at the receiving side.
Digital 16-QAM with example symbols Constellation points for 4-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM overlapped. As in many digital modulation schemes, the constellation diagram is useful for QAM. In QAM, the constellation points are usually arranged in a square grid with equal vertical and horizontal spacing, although other configurations are ...
A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying. [1] It displays the signal as a two-dimensional xy -plane scatter diagram in the complex plane at symbol sampling instants.
English: Constellation diagram for optimum circular 8-Quadrature amplitude modulation. This image is based upon, and is a vector replacement for File:Circular 8QAM.png by Splash at en.wikipedia . W3C-validity not checked.
The phase modulation (φ(t), not shown) is a non-linearly increasing function from 0 to π /2 over the interval 0 < t < 16. The two amplitude-modulated components are known as the in-phase component (I, thin blue, decreasing) and the quadrature component (Q, thin red, increasing).
A block diagram representation of a differential encoder. Note that the output is dependent on both the current and previous register state. Another type of differential decoder. A method illustrated above can deal with a data stream inversion (it is called 180° ambiguity).
An OFDM carrier signal is the sum of a number of orthogonal subcarriers, with baseband data on each subcarrier being independently modulated commonly using some type of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or phase-shift keying (PSK). This composite baseband signal is typically used to modulate a main RF carrier.