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Reference ballast operates the lamp at its ANSI specified nominal power rating. [9] [10] The ballast factor of practical ballasts must be considered in lighting design; a low ballast factor may save energy, but will produce less light and short the lamp life. With fluorescent lamps, ballast factor can vary from the reference value of 1.0.
Ballast Ballast is removable or permanently installed weight in an aircraft used to bring the center of gravity into the allowable range. Center-of-Gravity Limits Center of gravity (CG) limits are specified longitudinal (forward and aft) and/or lateral (left and right) limits within which the aircraft's center of gravity must be located during ...
NN 139 had the hungry boards added, but it did not receive the strengthening bars. With this increase in capacity the wagons could now take 35 long tons (36 t; 39 short tons) of ballast. In 1971 a number were moved across to Standard Gauge - 4, 18, 32, 44, 71, 73 and 139.
The appropriate thickness of a layer of track ballast depends on the size and spacing of the ties, the amount of traffic on the line, and various other factors. [1] Track ballast should never be laid down less than 150 mm (6 inches) thick, [5] and high-speed railway lines may require ballast up to 0.5 metres (20 inches) thick. [6]
The axle load of a wheeled vehicle is the total weight bearing on the roadway for all wheels connected to a given axle.Axle load is an important design consideration in the engineering of roadways and railways, as both are designed to tolerate a maximum weight-per-axle (axle load); exceeding the maximum rated axle load will cause damage to the roadway or railway tracks.
Track gauge or rail gauge (also known as track gage in North America [8]) is the distance between the inner sides (gauge sides) of the heads of the two load bearing rails that make up a single railway line. Each country uses different gauges for different types of trains.
A selection of bullets with different shapes, and hence, different ballistic coefficients. In ballistics, the ballistic coefficient (BC, C b) of a body is a measure of its ability to overcome air resistance in flight. [1]
A ballast regulator at work in Spain. A ballast regulator (also known as a ballast spreader or ballast sweeper) is a piece of railway maintenance equipment used to shape and distribute the gravel track ballast that supports the ties in rail tracks. They are often used in conjunction with ballast tampers when maintaining track.