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The figure is estimated to be very roughly 10 22 kg. [2] Carbon concentration in the mantle is very variable, varying by more than a factor of 100 between different parts. [6] [7] The form carbon takes depends on its oxidation state, which depends on the oxygen fugacity of the environment. Carbon dioxide and carbonate are found where the oxygen ...
Carbon is the sixth element, with a ground-state electron configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2, of which the four outer electrons are valence electrons. Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements.
Ocean mixed layer carbon, c m, is the only explicitly modelled ocean stock of carbon; though to estimate carbon cycle feedbacks the total ocean carbon is also calculated. [ 107 ] Current trends in climate change lead to higher ocean temperatures and acidity , thus modifying marine ecosystems. [ 108 ]
The Lomagundi-Jatuli Carbon Isotope Excursion or Lomagundi-Jatuli Event (LJE) was a carbon isotope excursion that occurred in the Paleoproterozoic between 2.3-2.1 Ga, possessing the largest magnitude and longest duration of positive δ 13 C values found in marine carbonate rocks. [1] [2] The δ 13 C values range from +5 to + 30‰. [3] [4 ...
In 2022, over 80% of primary energy consumption in the world and over 60% of its electricity supply were from fossil fuels. [5] The large-scale burning of fossil fuels causes serious environmental damage. Over 70% of the greenhouse gas emissions due to human activity in 2022 was carbon dioxide (CO 2) released from burning fossil fuels. [6]
From ancient times, people suspected that the climate of a region could change over the course of centuries. For example, Theophrastus, a pupil of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC, told how the draining of marshes had made a particular locality more susceptible to freezing, and speculated that lands became warmer when the clearing of forests exposed them to sunlight.
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Carbon-based photosynthesis life caused a rise in oxygen on Earth. This increase of oxygen helped plate tectonics form the first continents. [10] It is frequently assumed in astrobiology that if life exists elsewhere in the Universe, it will also be carbon-based. [11] [12] Critics, like Carl Sagan in 1973, refer to this assumption as carbon ...