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[2] [8] [9] The most common forms are osteoarthritis (most commonly seen in weightbearing joints) and rheumatoid arthritis. [2] Osteoarthritis usually occurs as an individual ages and often affects the hips, knees, shoulders, and fingers. [5] Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. [5]
Dactylitis can occur in seronegative arthropathies, such as psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, and in sickle-cell disease as result of a vasoocclusive crisis with bone infarcts, and in infectious conditions including tuberculosis, syphilis, and leprosy. In reactive arthritis, sausage fingers occur due to synovitis. [2]
Knee osteoarthritis was the most prevalent type of osteoarthritis, followed by hand osteoarthritis. In 2019, osteoarthritis was the 20th most common cause of years lived with disability (YLDs) in India, accounting for 1.48% of all YLDs, which increased from 1.25% and 23rd most common cause in 1990.
A diagram showing how rheumatoid arthritis affects a joint Hand deformity, sometimes called a swan deformity, in an elderly person with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis of joints involves inflammation of the synovial membrane. Joints become swollen, tender and warm, and stiffness limits their movement.
Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus can also contribute to hand deformities by affecting the joints. Degenerative arthritis, specifically osteoarthritis , functions to evoke impaired hand function due to the gradual deterioration of cartilage .
Heberden's nodes are hard or bony swellings that can develop in the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) (the joints closest to the end of the fingers and toes). [1] They are a sign of osteoarthritis and are caused by formation of osteophytes (calcific spurs) of the articular (joint) cartilage in response to repeated trauma at the joint.