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Page from the Gospel of Judas Mandaean Beth Manda in Nasiriyah, southern Iraq, in 2016, a contemporary-style mandi. Gnosticism (from Ancient Greek: γνωστικός, romanized: gnōstikós, Koine Greek: [ɣnostiˈkos], 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems that coalesced in the late 1st century AD among early Christian sects.
Gnosticism in modern times (or Neo-Gnosticism) includes a variety of contemporary religious movements, stemming from Gnostic ideas and systems from ancient Roman society. Gnosticism is an ancient name for a variety of religious ideas and systems, originating in Jewish-Christian milieux in the first and second century CE.
Valentinus (Greek: Οὐαλεντῖνος; c. 100 CE – c. 180) was the best known and, for a time, most successful early Christian Gnostic theologian. [1] He founded his school in Rome . According to Tertullian , Valentinus was a candidate for bishop but started his own group when another was chosen.
The doctrine, practices and beliefs of Valentinus and the Gnostic movement that bore his name were condemned as heretical by proto-orthodox Christian leaders and scholars. Prominent Church Fathers such as Irenaeus of Lyons and Hippolytus of Rome wrote against Gnosticism.
In the middle of the second century, the Christian communities of Rome, for example, were divided between followers of Marcion, Montanism, and the gnostic teachings of Valentinus. Many groups were dualistic , maintaining that reality was composed into two radically opposing parts: matter , usually seen as evil, and spirit, seen as good.
The Sethians (Greek: Σηθιανοί) were one of the main currents of Gnosticism during the 2nd and 3rd century AD, along with Valentinianism and Basilideanism.According to John D. Turner, it originated in the 2nd century AD as a fusion of two distinct Hellenistic Judaic philosophies and was influenced by Christianity and Middle Platonism. [1]
As patriarch of the new Church, Doinel took the mystical name 'Valentinus II, Bishop of the Holy Assembly of the Paraclete and of the Gnostic Church' (after the 2nd century Gnostic Christian leader Velentinus), and nominated eleven titular bishops, including a 'sophia' (female bishop), as well as deacons and deaconesses.
Marcellina was an early Christian Carpocratian religious leader in the mid-second century AD known primarily from the writings of Irenaeus and Origen.She originated in Alexandria, but moved to Rome during the episcopate of Anicetus (c. 157 – 168).