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The pH meter measures the difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH meter is sometimes referred to as a "potentiometric pH meter". The difference in electrical potential relates to the acidity or pH of the solution. [ 3 ]
In aquatic environments, platinum is often used due to its high electron transfer kinetics, [5] although an electrode made from several metals can be used in order to enhance the electron transfer kinetics. [6] The most common potentiometric electrode is by far the glass-membrane electrode used in a pH meter.
A silver chloride electrode is a type of reference electrode, commonly used in electrochemical measurements. For environmental reasons it has widely replaced the saturated calomel electrode. For example, it is usually the internal reference electrode in pH meters and it is often used as reference in reduction potential measurements.
Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass electrode and a pH meter or a color-changing indicator.
A silver chloride reference electrode (left) and glass pH electrode (right) Because of the ion-exchange nature of the glass membrane, it is possible for some other ions to concurrently interact with ion-exchange sites of the glass, and distort the linear dependence of the measured electrode potential on pH or other electrode functions. In some ...
Arnold Orville Beckman (April 10, 1900 – May 18, 2004) was an American chemist, inventor, investor, and philanthropist. While a professor at California Institute of Technology, he founded Beckman Instruments based on his 1934 invention of the pH meter, a device for measuring acidity (and alkalinity), later considered to have "revolutionized the study of chemistry and biology". [1]