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2. Cancer biomarker - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_biomarker

   Examples of such prognostic biomarkers include elevated levels of metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), a marker associated with more aggressive forms of multiple myeloma, [24] elevated estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) expression, markers associated with better overall survival in patients with breast cancer; [25] [26 ...

3. Tumor marker - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_marker

   A tumor marker is a biomarker that can be used to indicate the presence of cancer or the behavior of cancers (measure progression or response to therapy). They can be found in bodily fluids or tissue. Markers can help with assessing prognosis, surveilling patients after surgical removal of tumors, and even predicting drug-response and monitor ...

4. Breast cancer management - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer_management

   Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.

5. Biomarker - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker

   A prognostic biomarker provides information about the patients overall outcome, regardless of any treatment or therapeutic intervention. [6] One example of a prognostic biomarkers in clinical research, is the use of mutated PIK3CA in the study of metastatic breast cancer.

6. Biomarker (medicine) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine)

   Cancer biomarkers have an extremely high upside for therapeutic interventions in cancer patients. Most cancer biomarkers consist of proteins or altered segments of DNA, and are expressed in all cells, just at higher rates in cancer cells. There has not yet been one, universal tumor biomarker, but there is a biomarker for every type of cancer.

7. Breast biopsy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_biopsy

   Some examples of adverse effects of core needle biopsies can include rare biopsy risks like infection, abscess formation, fistula formation, migration of any markers placed in the breast, and potential seeding of the tumor (causing displacement of cancer cells due to the procedure that can start new tumors elsewhere).