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Antioxidants are helpful in reducing and preventing damage from free radical reactions because of their ability to donate electrons which neutralize the radical without forming another. Vitamin C, for example, can lose an electron to a free radical and remain stable itself by passing its unstable electron around the antioxidant molecule.
The primary function of thioredoxin (Trx) is the reduction of oxidized cysteine residues and the cleavage of disulfide bonds. [10] Multiple in vitro substrates for thioredoxin have been identified, including ribonuclease, choriogonadotropins, coagulation factors, glucocorticoid receptor, and insulin.
High-dose supplements of antioxidants may be linked to health risks in some cases, including higher mortality rates. For example, high doses of beta-carotene and vitamin E was found to increase the risk of lung cancer and overall mortality in smokers. [2] High doses of vitamin E may increase risks of prostate cancer and one type of stroke.
The nutrient has been shown to help guard against breast cancer, while a diet rich in vitamin A has been linked to a lower risk for squamous cell carcinoma, a common form of skin cancer.
Evidence supporting the theory started to crumble in the early 2000s. Mice with reduced expression of the mitochondrial antioxidant, SOD2, accumulated oxidative damage and developed cancer, but did not age faster. [33] Overexpression of antioxidants reduced cellular stress, but did not increase mouse life span.
Although research in vitro indicates polyphenols are good antioxidants and probably influence the ORAC value, antioxidant effects in vivo are probably negligible or absent. [3] [10] By non-antioxidant mechanisms still undefined, flavonoids and other polyphenols may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. [11]
Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).. Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. [1]
Antioxidants is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal that covers various areas of antioxidants research, including biosynthesis, pharmacodynamics, and synthetic antioxidants. It is published by MDPI and was established in 2012. The editor-in-chief is Stanley Omaye (University of Nevada).