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Scientific pluralism is a position within the philosophy of science that rejects various proposed unities of scientific method and subject matter. Scientific pluralists hold that science is not unified in one or more of the following ways: the metaphysics of its subject matter, the epistemology of scientific knowledge, or the research methods and models that should be used.
Metaphysical pluralism in philosophy is the multiplicity of metaphysical models of the structure and content of reality, both as it appears and as logic dictates that it might be, [3] as is exhibited by the four related models in Plato's Republic [4] and as developed in the contrast between phenomenalism and physicalism.
Robert Alan Dahl (/ d ɑː l /; December 17, 1915 – February 5, 2014) was an American political theorist and Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University.. He established the pluralist theory of democracy—in which political outcomes are enacted through competitive, if unequal, interest groups—and introduced "polyarchy" as a descriptor of actual democratic governance.
Pluralism as a political philosophy is the diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles. [1] While not all political pluralists advocate for a pluralist democracy , this is the most common stance, because democracy is often viewed as the most fair and ...
Pluralism (political theory), belief that there should be diverse and competing centres of power in society Legal pluralism , the existence of differing legal systems in a population or area Pluralist democracy , a political system with more than one center of power
Classical pluralism is the view that politics and decision-making are located mostly in the framework of government but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence. The central question for classical pluralism is how power and influence are distributed in a political process. Groups of individuals try to maximize ...
His theory evolved over the decades, and the description in later writings is somewhat different. Dahl argues that "democracy" is an ideal type that no country has ever achieved. [ 6 ] For Dahl, democracy is a system that is "completely responsive to all its citizens", [ 6 ] and the closest to the democratic ideal any country has come is polyarchy.
A particular form of epistemological pluralism is dualism, for example, the separation of methods for investigating mind from those appropriate to matter (see mind–body problem). By contrast, monism is the restriction to a single approach, for example, reductionism , which asserts the study of all phenomena can be seen as finding relations to ...