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The Arapaho (/ ə ˈ r æ p ə h oʊ / ə-RAP-ə-hoh; French: Arapahos, Gens de Vache) are a Native American people historically living on the plains of Colorado and Wyoming.They were close allies of the Cheyenne tribe and loosely aligned with the Lakota and Dakota.
The name Arapaho originates in the Pawnee term tirapihu (or larapihu), meaning, "He buys or trades", probably due to their being the dominant trading group in the Great Plains region. The Arapaho call themselves Inun-ina meaning "our people" or "people of our own kind." The Arapaho are one of the westernmost tribes of the Algonquian language ...
During the migration, the large tribe split into the Arapaho and the Gros Ventre, possibly near Devil's Lake. These groups, along with the Cheyenne, were among the last to migrate into Montana, due to pressure from the Ojibwe. [8] After they migrated to Montana, the Arapaho moved southwards to the Wyoming and Colorado area.
Like all Algonquian languages, Arapaho has a rich arrary of preverbs expressing various meanings, in particular manner or aspect. It has the one of the richest system of periodic tense among the world's languages, and the only known system encoding four seasons in the verb morphology.
Although the Arapaho had assisted the Cheyenne and Lakota in driving the Kiowa south from the Northern Plains, in 1840 they made peace with the tribe. They became prosperous traders, until the expansion of American settlers onto their lands after the Civil War. [4] The Cheyenne and Arapaho formed an alliance in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Nawathinehena is extinct and Arapaho and Gros Ventre are both endangered. [1] [2] Besawunena, attested only from a word list collected by Kroeber, differs only slightly from Arapaho, but a few of its sound changes resemble those seen in Gros Ventre. It had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s. [citation needed]
Compared with Arapaho proper, Gros Ventre had three additional phonemes /tʲ/, /ts/, /kʲ/, and /bʲ/, and lacked the velar fricative /x/. Theresa Lamebull taught the language at Fort Belknap College (now Aaniiih Nakoda College ), and helped develop a dictionary using the Phraselator when she was 109.
Chief Niwot (Arapaho: Nowoo3 [nɔ'wɔːθ]) or Left Hand(-ed) (c. 1825–1864) was a Southern Arapaho chief, diplomat, and interpreter who negotiated for peace between white settlers and the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush and Colorado War.