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The hypothetical effect of a bound diproton on Big Bang and stellar nucleosynthesis, has been investigated. [18] Some models suggest that variations in the strong force allowing a bound diproton would enable the conversion of all primordial hydrogen to helium in the Big Bang, which would be catastrophic for the development of stars and life.
The neutron–proton ratio (N/Z ratio or nuclear ratio) of an atomic nucleus is the ratio of its number of neutrons to its number of protons. Among stable nuclei and naturally occurring nuclei, this ratio generally increases with increasing atomic number. [ 1 ]
The boundaries of the valley of stability, that is, the upper limits of the valley walls, are the neutron drip line on the neutron-rich side, and the proton drip line on the proton-rich side. The nucleon drip lines are at the extremes of the neutron-proton ratio. At neutron–proton ratios beyond the drip lines, no nuclei can exist.
Defining equation SI units Dimension Number of atoms N = Number of atoms remaining at time t. N 0 = Initial number of atoms at time t = 0 N D = Number of atoms decayed at time t = + dimensionless dimensionless Decay rate, activity of a radioisotope: A = Bq = Hz = s −1 [T] −1: Decay constant: λ
Magic numbers are typically obtained by empirical studies; if the form of the nuclear potential is known, then the Schrödinger equation can be solved for the motion of nucleons and energy levels determined. Nuclear shells are said to occur when the separation between energy levels is significantly greater than the local mean separation.
The liquid drop model is one of the first models of nuclear structure, proposed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in 1935. [5] It describes the nucleus as a semiclassical fluid made up of neutrons and protons, with an internal repulsive electrostatic force proportional to the number of protons.
The boundaries of this valley are the neutron drip line on the neutron-rich side, and the proton drip line on the proton-rich side. [2] These limits exist because of particle decay, whereby an exothermic nuclear transition can occur by the emission of one or more nucleons (not to be confused with particle decay in particle physics).
[a] Thus, the neutron has a charge of 0 (zero), and therefore is electrically neutral; indeed, the term "neutron" comes from the fact that a neutron is electrically neutral. The masses of the proton and neutron are similar: for the proton it is 1.6726 × 10 −27 kg ( 938.27 MeV/ c 2 ), while for the neutron it is 1.6749 × 10 −27 kg ( 939.57 ...