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Rotation matrices can either pre-multiply column vectors (Rv), or post-multiply row vectors (wR). However, Rv produces a rotation in the opposite direction with respect to wR. Throughout this article, rotations produced on column vectors are described by means of a pre-multiplication.
In linear algebra, a column vector with elements is an matrix [1] consisting of a single column of entries, for example, = [].. Similarly, a row vector is a matrix for some , consisting of a single row of entries, = […]. (Throughout this article, boldface is used for both row and column vectors.)
The column vectors of a matrix. The column space of this matrix is the vector space spanned by the column vectors. In linear algebra, the column space (also called the range or image) of a matrix A is the span (set of all possible linear combinations) of its column vectors. The column space of a matrix is the image or range of the corresponding ...
In linear algebra, linear transformations can be represented by matrices.If is a linear transformation mapping to and is a column vector with entries, then there exists an matrix , called the transformation matrix of , [1] such that: = Note that has rows and columns, whereas the transformation is from to .
In linear algebra, the outer product of two coordinate vectors is the matrix whose entries are all products of an element in the first vector with an element in the second vector. If the two coordinate vectors have dimensions n and m, then their outer product is an n × m matrix.
Multiplication of X by e i extracts the i-th column, while multiplication by B i puts it into the desired position in the final vector. Alternatively, the linear sum can be expressed using the Kronecker product : vec ( X ) = ∑ i = 1 n e i ⊗ X e i {\displaystyle \operatorname {vec} (\mathbf {X} )=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\mathbf {e} _{i}\otimes ...
One of the reasons for the importance of the matrix exponential is that it can be used to solve systems of linear ordinary differential equations.The solution of = (), =, where A is a constant matrix and y is a column vector, is given by =.
Each column of P must therefore be an eigenvector of A whose eigenvalue is the corresponding diagonal element of D. Since the columns of P must be linearly independent for P to be invertible, there exist n linearly independent eigenvectors of A. It then follows that the eigenvectors of A form a basis if and only if A is diagonalizable.