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Upper 1.5*IQR whisker = Q 3 + 1.5 * IQR = 9 + 3 = 12. (If there is no data point at 12, then the highest point less than 12.) (If there is no data point at 12, then the highest point less than 12.) Pattern of latter two bullet points: If there are no data points at the true quartiles, use data points slightly "inland" (closer to the median ...
By definition, any Radon measure is locally finite. The counting measure is sometimes locally finite and sometimes not: the counting measure on the integers with their usual discrete topology is locally finite, but the counting measure on the real line with its usual Borel topology is not.
Also confidence coefficient. A number indicating the probability that the confidence interval (range) captures the true population mean. For example, a confidence interval with a 95% confidence level has a 95% chance of capturing the population mean. Technically, this means that, if the experiment were repeated many times, 95% of the CIs computed at this level would contain the true population ...
Given a sample from a normal distribution, whose parameters are unknown, it is possible to give prediction intervals in the frequentist sense, i.e., an interval [a, b] based on statistics of the sample such that on repeated experiments, X n+1 falls in the interval the desired percentage of the time; one may call these "predictive confidence intervals".
[1] [2] Carathéodory's work on outer measures found many applications in measure-theoretic set theory (outer measures are for example used in the proof of the fundamental Carathéodory's extension theorem), and was used in an essential way by Hausdorff to define a dimension-like metric invariant now called Hausdorff dimension.
An example of a measure on the real line with its usual topology that is not outer regular is the measure where () =, ({}) =, and () = for any other set .; The Borel measure on the plane that assigns to any Borel set the sum of the (1-dimensional) measures of its horizontal sections is inner regular but not outer regular, as every non-empty open set has infinite measure.
Splitting the observations either side of the median gives two groups of four observations. The median of the first group is the lower or first quartile, and is equal to (0 + 1)/2 = 0.5. The median of the second group is the upper or third quartile, and is equal to (27 + 61)/2 = 44. The smallest and largest observations are 0 and 63.
It turns out that pre-measures give rise quite naturally to outer measures, which are defined for all subsets of the space . More precisely, if is a pre-measure defined on a ring of subsets of the space , then the set function defined by = {= |, =} is an outer measure on and the measure induced by on the -algebra of Carathéodory-measurable sets satisfies () = for (in particular, includes ).