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A generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), also known as a grand mal seizure, is a whole-body seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle retrenchments. [14] [15] GTCSs can happen in people of all ages. [15] GTCSs are very hazardous, and they increase the risk of injuries and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). [16]
It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing. [2] The medulla contains the cardiovascular center, the respiratory center, vomiting and vasomotor centers, responsible for the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure as well as the sleep–wake cycle ...
The spinothalamic tract – another ribbon-like region of fibres – are located at the lateral edge of the tegmentum; at the level of the inferior colliculus it is immediately dorsal to the medial lemiscus, but due to the rostral widening of the tegmentum, is lateral of the medial lemiscus at the level of the superior colliculus.
This then results in a specific area from which seizures may develop, known as a "seizure focus". [2] Another mechanism of epilepsy may be the up-regulation of excitatory circuits or down-regulation of inhibitory circuits following an injury to the brain. [2] [3] These secondary epilepsies occur through processes known as epileptogenesis.
The word neuroscience itself arises from this program. [249] Paul Broca associated regions of the brain with specific functions, in particular language in Broca's area, following work on brain-damaged patients. [250] John Hughlings Jackson described the function of the motor cortex by watching the progression of epileptic seizures through the body.
Based upon its structure and connectivity, its function is suggested to be related to coordination of different brain functions; i.e. the conductor analogy. Consciousness functionally can be divided into two components: (i) wakefulness, which is arousal and alertness; (ii) content of consciousness, which is the processing of content.
Levels further down the Racine stages also contain symptoms of the previous stages. For example, an animal that is demonstrating the actions of a stage four seizure may also demonstrate head nodding (indicative of a level two seizure). [3] It is known that repeated exposure to a stimuli lowers the overall threshold for a seizure.
Occipital seizures are triggered mainly during the day, through television, video games or any flicker stimulatory system. [7] Occipital seizures originate from an epileptic focus confined within the occipital lobes. They may be spontaneous or triggered by external visual stimuli.