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A flap is a high-lift device used to reduce the stalling speed of an aircraft wing at a given weight. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of a fixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to reduce the take-off distance and the landing distance. Flaps also cause an increase in drag so they are retracted when not needed.
KLM Fokker 70, showing position of flap and liftdumper flight controls. The liftdumpers are the lifted cream-coloured panels on the wing upper surface (in this picture there are five on the right wing). The flaps are the large drooped surfaces on the trailing edge of the wing.
Flaps and slats are intended to only be deployed at low speeds during take-off and landing. [ 2 ] The crew, Capt. Harvey G. "Hoot" Gibson (1934–2015), [ 10 ] First Officer J. Scott Kennedy (1939–2017), [ 11 ] and Flight Engineer Gary N. Banks (born 1942), denied that their actions had been the cause of the flaps' extension:
The most common high-lift device is the flap, a movable portion of the wing that can be lowered to produce extra lift. When a flap is lowered this re-shapes the wing section to give it more camber. Flaps are usually located on the trailing edge of a wing, while leading edge flaps are used occasionally. There are many kinds of trailing-edge flap.
One of the earliest civil applications was the Boeing 707, whereas the Swiss company FFA claimed the first use of the flap in its FFA P-16 fighter which flew in 1955. [7] The flap was added to prevent wing stall with an extreme attitude take-off with the tail dragging on the runway, a scenario that had caused two de Havilland Comet accidents.
The British Aeronautical Research Committee's research paper R&M No. 1753 concluded, among other things, that Gouge flaps half and fully open, decreased take-off distance by 14% and 23% respectively and decreased the distance from starting to clearing a "50 ft obstacle" by 21% and 23% respectively. Speed at take-off was "reduced by 3 and 8 m.p ...
The system uses Tamarack Active Camber Surfaces (TACS) to aerodynamically "switch off" the effects of the wingtip device when the aircraft is experiencing high-g events such as large gusts or severe pull-ups. TACS are movable panels, similar to flaps or ailerons, on the trailing edge of the wing extension.
Ball-Bartoe Jetwing used for blown-wing research. Note the "augmentor", intended to direct the discharged airflow over the wingWilliams [8] states some flap blowing tests were done at the Royal Aircraft Establishment before the Second World War, and that extensive tests were done during the war in Germany including flight tests with Arado Ar 232, Dornier Do 24 and Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft.