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Under the CCTHR, patients with minor head injuries should only receive CT scans if one or more of the following criteria are met: [4] Glasgow Coma Scale score lower than 15 at 2 hours after injury; Suspected open or depressed skull fracture; Any sign of basal skull fracture; Two or more episodes of vomiting; Age 65 or older
Even in emergency situations, when a head injury is minor as determined by a physician's evaluation and based on established guidelines, CT of the head should be avoided for adults and delayed pending clinical observation in the emergency department for children. [3] Many people visit emergency departments for minor head injuries.
The Guideline Development Group then finalises the recommendations and the National Collaboration Centre produces the final guideline. This is submitted to NICE to formally approve the guideline and issue the guidance to the NHS. [citation needed] To date NICE has produced more than 200 different guidelines. [28]
Upright magnetic resonance imaging, supine magnetic resonance imaging, CT scan, and flexion and extension x-rays may also be used but are far less accurate and have a much higher potential for false negatives. The measurements to diagnose craniocervical instability are: Clivo-Axial Angle equal or less than 135 degrees
In children, a CT scan of the neck is indicated in more severe cases such as neurologic deficits, whereas X-ray is preferable in milder cases, by both US [4] and UK [5] guidelines. Swedish guidelines recommend CT rather than X-ray in all children over the age of 5. [6] In adults, UK guidelines are largely similar as in children. [5]
CT scanning can perform a virtual colonoscopy with greater accuracy and less discomfort for the patient than a traditional colonoscopy. [143] [144] Virtual colonography is far more accurate than a barium enema for detection of tumors and uses a lower radiation dose. [145] CT is a moderate-to-high radiation diagnostic technique.
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) describes a temporary set of symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the posterior circulation of the brain.The posterior circulation supplies the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum and (in 70-80% of people) supplies the posterior cerebellar artery to the thalamus and occipital cortex. [1]
Other common causes of hypertensive crises are autonomic hyperactivity such as pheochromocytoma, collagen-vascular diseases, drug use particularly stimulants, cocaine and amphetamines and their substituted analogues, monoamine oxidase inhibitors or food-drug interactions, spinal cord disorders, glomerulonephritis, head trauma, neoplasias ...