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  2. Currency appreciation and depreciation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_appreciation_and...

    In a floating exchange rate system, a currency's value goes up (or down) if the demand for it goes up more (or less) than the supply does. In the short run this can happen unpredictably for a variety of reasons, including the balance of trade, speculation, or other factors in the international capital market.

  3. Marginal rate of substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_rate_of_substitution

    Under the standard assumption of neoclassical economics that goods and services are continuously divisible, the marginal rates of substitution will be the same regardless of the direction of exchange, and will correspond to the slope of an indifference curve (more precisely, to the slope multiplied by −1) passing through the consumption bundle in question, at that point: mathematically, it ...

  4. Indifference curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indifference_curve

    The slope of an indifference curve (in absolute value), known by economists as the marginal rate of substitution, shows the rate at which consumers are willing to give up one good in exchange for more of the other good. For most goods the marginal rate of

  5. How are currency exchange rates determined? - AOL

    www.aol.com/currency-exchange-rates-determined...

    An exchange rate is how much of a given nation’s currency you can buy with a different nation’s currency. If you purchase foreign goods or travel abroad, you may need to convert your currency ...

  6. List of countries by exchange rate regime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by...

    De Facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements, as of April 30, 2021, and Monetary Policy Frameworks [2] Exchange rate arrangement (Number of countries) Exchange rate anchor Monetary aggregate target (25) Inflation Targeting framework (45) Others (43) US Dollar (37) Euro (28) Composite (8) Other (9) No separate legal tender (16) Ecuador ...

  7. Zipf's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf's_law

    Zipf's law (/ z ɪ f /; German pronunciation:) is an empirical law stating that when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order, the value of the n-th entry is often approximately inversely proportional to n. The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text or corpus of natural language:

  8. Equation of exchange - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_exchange

    In monetary economics, the equation of exchange is the relation: = where, for a given period, is the total money supply in circulation on average in an economy. is the velocity of money, that is the average frequency with which a unit of money is spent.

  9. Currency band - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_band

    A currency band is a range of values for the exchange rate for a country’s currency which the country’s central bank acts to keep the exchange rate within. [ citation needed ] The central bank selects a range, or "band", of values at which to set their currency, and will intervene in the market or return to a fixed exchange rate if the ...