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At Mach 0.65, u is 65% of the speed of sound (subsonic), and, at Mach 1.35, u is 35% faster than the speed of sound (supersonic). An F/A-18 Hornet creating a vapor cone at transonic speed just before reaching the speed of sound. The local speed of sound, and hence the Mach number, depends on the temperature of the surrounding gas.
The Mach angle is acute, showing that the body exceeds Mach 1. The angle of the Mach wave (~59 degrees) indicates a velocity of about Mach 1.17. In fluid dynamics, a Mach wave, also known as a weak discontinuity, [1] [2] is a pressure wave traveling with the speed of sound caused by a slight change of pressure added to a compressible flow.
Transonic (or transsonic) flow is air flowing around an object at a speed that generates regions of both subsonic and supersonic airflow around that object. [1] The exact range of speeds depends on the object's critical Mach number, but transonic flow is seen at flight speeds close to the speed of sound (343 m/s at sea level), typically between Mach 0.8 and 1.2.
The drag-divergence Mach number (not to be confused with critical Mach number) is the Mach number at which the aerodynamic drag on an airfoil or airframe begins to increase rapidly as the Mach number continues to increase. [1] This increase can cause the drag coefficient to rise to more than ten times its low-speed value.
Mach number is more useful, and most high-speed aircraft are limited to a maximum operating Mach number, also known as M MO. For example, if the M MO is Mach 0.83, then at 9,100 m (30,000 ft) where the speed of sound under standard conditions is 1,093 kilometres per hour (590 kn), the true airspeed at M MO is 906 kilometres per hour (489 kn).
Low speed tunnels: 0.4 m 2 (4.3 sq ft) to 4.5 m 2 (48 sq ft) United Kingdom Five low speed tunnels and other tunnels up to mach 9 Jules Verne climatic wind tunnel [34] [35] Operational 6 m × 5 m × 12 m (20 ft × 16 ft × 39 ft) 10 m × 7 m × 20 m (33 ft × 23 ft × 66 ft) 4 m × 2.5 m × 20 m (13 ft × 8 ft × 66 ft)
The Navy had less strenuous requirements of 6 g with Mach 2 speed at altitude and high subsonic speed (approx. Mach 0.9) at low level with a length of 56 ft (17.1 m). [ 3 ] [ 5 ] The Navy also wanted a 48-inch (120 cm) radar dish for long range and a maximum takeoff weight of 50,000 pounds (23,000 kg). [ 6 ]
Commander Lawrence E. Flint Jr. accelerated his aircraft to 14,330 m (47,010 ft) at Mach 2.5 and climbed to 27,430 m (89,990 ft) at a 45-degree angle. He then shut down the engines and glided to the peak altitude. As the aircraft fell through 21,300 m (69,900 ft), Flint restarted the engines and resumed normal flight.