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Tryptophan ball and stick model spinning. Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) [3] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromatic beta carbon substituent.
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase plays a central role in the physiological regulation of tryptophan flux in the human body, as part of the overall biological process of tryptophan metabolism. TDO catalyses the first and rate-limiting step of tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway and thereby regulates systemic tryptophan levels. [5]
In plants, the shikimate pathway first leads to the formation of chorismate, which is the precursor of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. These aromatic amino acids are the precursors of many secondary metabolites, all essential to a plant's biological functions, such as the hormones salicylate and auxin. This pathway contains enzymes ...
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is the first and rate-limiting enzyme of tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway.. IDO is an important molecule in the mechanisms of tolerance and its physiological functions include the suppression of potentially dangerous inflammatory processes in the body. [16]
L-Tryptophan to tryptamine – a trace amine neuromodulator; 5-HTP to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) – a neurotransmitter; However, some of these reactions do not seem to bear much or any biological significance. For example, histamine is biosynthesised strictly via the enzyme histidine decarboxylase in humans and other organisms. [10] [11]
In enzymology, a phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase (PRAI) (EC 5.3.1.24) is an enzyme that catalyzes the third step of the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan. [1]This enzyme participates in the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, also known as the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway
Pathways can also turn genes on and off, or spur a cell to move. [1] Some of the most common biological pathways are involved in metabolism, the regulation of gene expression and the transmission of signals. Pathways play a key role in advanced studies of genomics. Most common types of biological pathways: [1] Metabolic pathway; Genetic pathway
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.16.4) involved in the synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin. Tyrosine hydroxylase , phenylalanine hydroxylase , and tryptophan hydroxylase together constitute the family of biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases .