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Covenanters [a] were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. It originated in disputes with James VI and his son Charles I over church organisation and doctrine , but expanded into political conflict over the limits ...
Title page of the Solemn League and Covenant.. The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians in 1643 during the First English Civil War, a theatre of conflict in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
The Committee of Both Kingdoms (known as the Derby House Committee from late 1647) was a committee set up during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by the Parliamentarian faction in association with representatives from the Scottish Covenanters, after they made an alliance (the Solemn League and Covenant) in late 1643.
The success of the Covenanters encouraged opponents of the king in his other realms of England and Ireland, with leaders of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 later admitting to being inspired by their example. In 1643 the Covenanters would sign the Solemn League and Covenant with the English Parliament, turning the tide in the First English Civil War ...
He attended covenanting committees in the north but remained inactive in 1643–44. He subsequently refused to give up fugitives to Montrose, and was besieged at Dunnottar Castle in 1645. He took no active steps against the popular party until he joined Hamilton 's expedition into England in 1648, escaping from the rout at the Battle of Preston ...
Appointed extra ordinary lord of session in 1631. He signed the covenant, was unwilling to take up arms in its defence, but was a commissioner for the covenanters in England in 1643. In 1646 made colonel of Régiment de Douglas in France when his brother Lord James Douglas, was killed in action. Member of committee of estates in 1650.
With Newcastle, along with most of Northumberland and Durham, under the control of the Covenanters, Charles called a meeting of the Great Council of Peers in York, the first time this body had met for a century. [11] [16] The Council declined to assume the functions of Parliament, but did negotiate the treaty with the Covenanters. [18]
A Covenanter army from Scotland under the command of Lord General Leslie crossed into England in January 1644. As Leslie moved his army south he left six regiments under the direction of Lieutenant General James Livingstone, 1st Earl of Callander, to lay siege to the city of Newcastle upon Tyne beginning 3 February (after the town was formally asked to surrender).