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Islam's significance in Germany has largely increased [3] after the labour migration in the 1960s and several waves of political refugees since the 1970s.. According to a representative survey, it is estimated that in 2019, there were 5.3–5.6 million Muslims with a migrant background [a] in Germany (6.4–6.7% of the population), in addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant ...
A Christian and a Muslim playing chess, illustration from the Book of Games of Alfonso X (c. 1285). [1]During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was an important contributor to the global cultural scene, innovating and supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader kingdoms in the Levant.
Sonja Zekri, wrote in Tages Anzeiger that "For him (Sarrazin), Islam is not a faith, exposed to the stream of history and changeable, but a fate, a genetic defect that leads to intolerance and below average educational achievements," adding that "Germany needs this book as much as an Ebola outbreak, and yet success is inevitable." [10]
Learned Muslim captives played a very important role in the spread of Arabic science and philosophy over the Christian world. [22] The liberation of Muslim slaves was a state affair and elevated the popular esteem of the sovereign government. Muslim slaves were either freed or exchanged through special legislation and international treaties. [23]
Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]
In the book Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World (1994), the author N. Ayubi explained what he believes to be the two main concerns of Islamic political movements and extremist groups in the Middle East: The Western belief in a bureaucratic state; and; The secular values and beliefs associated with concepts such as modernity ...
Islamism a religio-political ideology that seeks to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, [1] purify it of foreign elements, reassert its role into "social and political as well as personal life" [2] where "government and society are ordered in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" (aka Sharia).
In 2010, Eric Kaufmann, professor of politics at Birkbeck, University of London said that "In our projections for Western Europe by 2050 we are looking at a range of 10-15 per cent Muslim population for most of the high immigration countries – Germany, France, the UK"; [111] he argued that Islam was expanding, not because of conversion to ...