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Many pathways of water can enter through a dam structure to produce a well-defined nappe. However, engineers classify dams as either overflow dams, where water consistently flows over or is blocked through a gate on top of crest, or non-overflow dams, which channel water through or around the dam with emergency floodgates.
The district includes the powerhouse, an earth embankment, a concrete non-overflow dam, and a 700-foot-long concrete gravity overflow dam. They were built in 1897–1898 by the Hudson River Power Transmission Company and span the western channel of the Hudson River between the Saratoga County shore and Bluff Island.
Lock and Dam No. 15 is a lock and dam located on the Upper Mississippi River.It spans the river between Rock Island, Illinois and Davenport, Iowa.Lock and Dam 15 is the largest roller dam in the world, its dam is 1,203 feet (366.7 m) long and consists of nine 109 feet (33.2 m) non-submersible, non-overflow roller gates and two 109 feet (33.2 m) non-submersible overflow roller gates.
The dam is 360 feet (110 m) long with five vertical lift gates. Each gate is 60 feet (18 m) long and located between concrete piers. The two gates on each end of the dam are 12 feet (3.7 m) high, overflow type. The three middle gates are 15 feet (4.6 m) high, non-overflow type. All are remotely controlled from the J. Strom Thurmond project.
The spillway and non-overflow dam are founded on Khondalite bedrock in the Polavaram Project. [43] Khondalites, which are feldspar-rich, often contain soft graphite, hard garnet, etc. in addition to other minerals. Khondalites are highly weathered and hence unsuitable at dam sites. [45]
The non-movable part is a 3,340 feet (1,018.0 m) long non-overflow earthen dam that connects to the Wisconsin shore. The main lock is 110 feet (33.5 m) wide by 600 feet (182.9 m) long. There is also an incomplete auxiliary lock. [2] The lock and dam are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. [1]
The power intake structure is between the spillway and the left non-overflow section of the dam. It includes two penstocks, each 27 feet (8.2 m) diameter and controlled by two 14 by 30 feet (4.3 by 9.1 m) gates. The power generation facility includes two hydroelectric generators, each rated at 35,000 kW (47,000 hp). [4]
The Fengman dam is a 91 m (299 ft) high and 1,080 m (3,543 ft) long concrete gravity dam which is divided into 60 18 m (59 ft)sections. Sections 1–8, 20 and 32-60 are non-overflow while 9-19 contain the 11 crest overflow spillways. Sections 21-31 contain the ten intakes and penstocks for the power plant which rest at their base, the dam's toe.