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The Red Queen hypothesis is used independently by Hartung [8] and Bell to explain the evolution of sex, [2] by John Jaenike to explain the maintenance of sex [9] and W. D. Hamilton to explain the role of sex in response to parasites.
The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature is a popular science book by Matt Ridley exploring the evolutionary psychology of sexual selection. The Red Queen was one of seven books shortlisted for the 1994 Rhône-Poulenc Prize (now known as the Royal Society Prizes for Science Books), that was eventually won by Steve Jones' The Language of the Genes. [1]
The dynamics of these interactions are summarized in the Red Queen hypothesis, namely that both host and parasite have to change continuously to keep up with each other's adaptations. [ 2 ] Host–parasite coevolution is ubiquitous and of potential importance to all living organisms, including humans, domesticated animals and crops.
Correlated mutations between the two species enter them into an evolution arms race. Whichever organism, host or parasite, that cannot keep up with the other will be eliminated from their habitat, as the species with the higher average population fitness survives. This race is known as the Red Queen hypothesis. [30]
The Red Queen Hypothesis captures the idea that there is a constant 'arms race' between co-evolving species. Its name is a reference to the Red Queen's race in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass , in which the chess board moves such that Alice must continue running just to stay in the same place.
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Alternatively, the arms race may be between members of the same species, as in the manipulation/sales resistance model of communication (Dawkins & Krebs, 1979) or as in runaway evolution or Red Queen effects. One example of an evolutionary arms race is in sexual conflict between the sexes, often described with the term Fisherian runaway.
The Red King effect drives slower-evolving species to obtain a higher proportion of long-term benefits compared to competing fast-evolving species. [ 3 ] It has been described that the effects of Red Queen and Red King can switch with each other at the convenience of the species, their effects also vary during the life time of populations, so ...