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Buckyballs and carbon nanotubes have been used as building blocks for a great variety of derivatives and larger structures, such as [27] Nested buckyballs ("carbon nano-onions" or "buckyonions") [35] proposed for lubricants; [36] Nested carbon nanotubes ("carbon megatubes") [37] Linked "ball-and-chain" dimers (two buckyballs linked by a carbon ...
1 List of useful microorganisms used in preparation of food and beverage. 2 See also. 3 References. ... bread (sourdough) [6] Candida mycoderma [10] fungus: cheese
Polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the C 60 monomer group, in which fullerene segments are connected via covalent bonds into a polymeric chain without side or bridging groups. They are called intrinsic polymeric fullerenes, or more often all C 60 polymers. Fullerene can be part of a polymer chain in many different ways.
Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes. [1] [2] [3] Research in this field is driven by the need to functionalize fullerenes and tune their properties. For example, fullerene is notoriously insoluble and adding a suitable group can enhance solubility. [1]
A dough conditioner, flour treatment agent, improving agent or bread improver is any ingredient or chemical added to bread dough to strengthen its texture or otherwise improve it in some way. Dough conditioners may include enzymes , yeast nutrients, mineral salts, oxidants and reductants , bleaching agents and emulsifiers . [ 1 ]
These endohedral fullerenes are usually synthesized by doping in the metal atoms in an arc reactor or by laser evaporation. These methods gives low yields of endohedral fullerenes, and a better method involves the opening of the cage, packing in the atoms or molecules, and closing the opening using certain organic reactions. This method ...
In cooking, a leavening agent (/ ˈ l ɛ v ən ɪ ŋ /) or raising agent, also called a leaven (/ ˈ l ɛ v ən /) or leavener, is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that cause a foaming action (gas bubbles) that lightens and softens the mixture.
Sources of incidental nanoparticles include vehicle engine exhausts, smelting, welding fumes, combustion processes from domestic solid fuel heating and cooking. For instance, the class of nanomaterials called fullerenes are generated by burning gas, biomass, and candle. [14] It can also be a byproduct of wear and corrosion products. [15]