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  2. Exponentiation by squaring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring

    Yao's method collects in u first those x i that appear to the highest power ⁠ ⁠; in the next round those with power ⁠ ⁠ are collected in u as well etc. The variable y is multiplied ⁠ h − 1 {\displaystyle h-1} ⁠ times with the initial u , ⁠ h − 2 {\displaystyle h-2} ⁠ times with the next highest powers, and so on.

  3. Cerebral perfusion pressure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_perfusion_pressure

    Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion). It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).

  4. Constant purchasing power accounting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_purchasing_power...

    Measurement in units of CPP of all constant real value non-monetary items automatically remedies the erosion caused by the stable measuring unit assumption (Historical Cost Accounting) of the real non-monetary values of all constant real value non-monetary items never maintained constant at all levels of inflation and deflation. It is not low ...

  5. List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP...

    A country's gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita is the PPP value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year.

  6. Modular exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_exponentiation

    Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.

  7. Power (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(physics)

    Power in mechanical systems is the combination of forces and movement. In particular, power is the product of a force on an object and the object's velocity, or the product of a torque on a shaft and the shaft's angular velocity. Mechanical power is also described as the time derivative of work.

  8. Computational complexity of mathematical operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity...

    Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.

  9. Conditioned place preference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditioned_place_preference

    Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a form of Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the motivational effects of objects or experiences. [1] This motivation comes from the pleasurable aspect of the experience, so that the brain can be reminded of the context that surrounded the "encounter". [ 2 ]