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Sea foam washed up or blown onto a beach. Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. [1]
Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles. [1] General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death. [2]
The term allelopathy from the Greek-derived compounds allilon-(αλλήλων) and -pathy (πάθη) (meaning "mutual harm" or "suffering"), was first used in 1937 by the Austrian professor Hans Molisch in the book Der Einfluss einer Pflanze auf die andere - Allelopathie (The Effect of Plants on Each Other - Allelopathy) published in German. [3]
Algae in the genus Caulerpa synthesize a mixture of toxins [7] termed caulerpicin, believed to impart a peppery taste to the plants. [8] The effects of the specific toxin synthesized by C. taxifolia, caulerpenyne, have been studied, [9] [10] with extracts from C. taxifolia being found to negatively affect P-glycoprotein-ATPase in the sea sponge ...
DOCs derived from decomposing algae and other plants in water courses are one important source, however DOCs derived from bogs and wetlands are very important. Brown-water streams with brown water contain high levels of DOC and much of the foam forms after snowmelt, after prolonged heavy rains and in autumn. [ 3 ]
Increased fuel use due to biofouling contributes to adverse environmental effects and is predicted to increase emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide between 38 and 72 percent by 2020. [6] Biofouling also impacts aquaculture, increasing production and management costs, while decreasing product value. [14]
However, many organisms see negative effects on growth at saturation states above Ω = 1. For example, a saturation state of Ω = 3 is optimal for coral growth, so a saturation state Ω < 3 can potentially have negative effects on coral growth and survival. [10] Calcium carbonate saturation can be determined using the following equation:
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) bloom on Lake Erie (United States) in 2009. These kinds of algae can cause harmful algal bloom. A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, sometimes called a red tide in marine environments, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, water deoxygenation, mechanical damage to ...